Summary of the workshop on gamma-ray burst afterglows at the 34th COSPAR meeting

A summary is given of the presentations at the COSPAR workshop on γ-ray bursts with some personal commentary on the contributions, the SN/GRB connection, and on the role of magnetic fields in γ-ray bursts and their afterglows. Of special interest were the accumulated arguments for strong collimation and associated reduction in the total required energy for γ-ray bursts. Significant discussion was also devoted to the issues associated with iron and metal lines in X-ray spectra. It is important to note that some of the afterglows seem to require ambient densities 1 g cm⁻³, rather incompatible with a massive star environment. Of associated difficulty is the fact that few, if any, afterglows seem consistent with the r⁻² wind expected for a massive star model. There are reasons to think that if γ-ray bursts are associated with supernovae they are of Type Ic. This suggests that any wind present might be rich in carbon and oxygen, not hydrogen or helium. If γ-ray bursts are narrowly collimated, then the burst is only probing a small portion of any wind, perhaps just that time-dependent and isotropic structure directly along the rotation axis. The characteristics of “hypernovae” may be the result of orientation effects in a mildly inhomogeneous set of progenitors, rather than requiring an excessive total energy or luminosity. The recent event GRB 021004 provided a rich photometric and spectroscopic record and perhaps the most direct evidence yet for the association of a specific γ-ray burst with a massive star progenitor. If the magnetic field plays a significant role in launching a relativistic γ-ray burst jet from within a collapsing star, then the magnetic field may also play a role in the propagation, collimation, and stability of that jet within and beyond the star. The magneto-rotational instability (MRI) can operate under conditions of moderate rotation. This means that the MRI will be at work generating strong fields exponentially rapidly even as the disk of material begins to form and makes a transition from a non-Keplerian to quasi-Keplerian flow in the collapsar and related models.     

复合材料翼面结构多级优化设计方法

建立一种适用于复合材料结构的多级优化方法。第一级优化包括系统级优化和元件级优化。系统级优化以板厚度或杆横截面为设计变量，从Ｋｕｈｎ－Ｔｕｃｋｅｒ出发导出改进设计变量的迭代式；元件级优化保持最优迭层板厚度和节点位移不变，利用线性规划技术使结构应变能最大，得到最优分层厚度。第二极优化以纤维铺向角为设计变量，以降低各约束点处位移为目标进行优化，提高结构刚度。算例研究复合材料翼面盒段满足强度要求和挠曲变形规律要求时的优化设计，结果表明该方法计算方便，接口简单，收敛迅速。     

SiC/C功能梯度材料的设计、制备及性能

采用粉末冶金法中的叠层法在2 000℃、40 MPa的热压烧结条件下制备了几类不同层数及成分分布指数的SiC/C功能梯度块体材料(FGM).所得样品的结构扫描图表明材料总体梯度特征显著,相比四层FGM样品,八层(SF8)FGM样品梯度过渡趋于连续,其不同层间层界面相对模糊化,界面处的结合性能良好,与最初设计相吻合;500℃～室温循环淬水实验表明,采用参数优化设计的SF8(P=0.6)FGM有效地缓和了内部热应力,具有良好的抗热震性能.     

神经网络在计算复合材料刚度退化中的应用

复合材料层合板的刚度退化相当复杂,并且是非线性的,目前缺乏足够的理论依据,很难按实际情况计算.本文从神经网络的角度出发,借助于神经网络的自适应性,通过对材料的实际载荷和实测应变值进行学习,使网络掌握其中各层的刚度变化规律.并且通过数值仿真和实验验证,证明此方法是完全可行的.     

液晶聚合物分子复合材料研究进展

回顾了液晶聚合物和分子复合材料的发展历史,介绍了溶致型和热致型液晶聚合物分子复合材料及其常用制备方法,简述了原位复合材料的增强机理、界面相容性、影响液晶聚合物成纤的因素以及分子复合材料深入发展的相关问题.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cross-rolled Ti_(50)Ni_(47)Fe_3 Shape Memory Alloy

The microstructures, the phase transformation characteristics, and the mechanical properties of the Ti50Ni47Fe3 alloy in as-forged and as-cross-rolled states were investigated. It is found that, after cross-rolling, the phase transformation temperature (Ms) of the alloy decreases drastically and the grains get refined. Moreover, its yield strength and fracture strength after cross-rolling hit 540 MPa and 687 MPa respectively, up by about 200 MPa over those in as-forged state.     

高速铣削SiC_p/Al复合材料PCD刀具磨损研究

通过3种不同几何结构的PCD刀具高速铣削65%体积分数的Si C_p/Al(Al/Si C/65p)复合材料的对比试验,建立了磨损曲线,并对PCD刀具的磨损形貌、磨损类型及原因进行了研究和分析。研究结果表明,刀片之间留有间隙能有效减少磨损,提高刀具使用寿命,小螺旋角的存在会加速磨损;PCD刀具主要磨损形式是机械磨损(磨粒磨损)。     

激光快速熔凝Al2O3/YAG共晶陶瓷的制备与组织

采用激光快速熔凝技术制备Al₂O₃/YAG共晶自生复合陶瓷, 研究Al₂O₃/YAG共晶陶瓷在高能激光束作用下,不同扫描速率(0.01~2.0mm/s)、超高温度梯度下的凝固组织特征及其生长机制,探索激光熔凝过程控制参数与凝固组织的关系.研究结果表明:激光熔凝Al₂O₃/YAG共晶陶瓷由无规则连续分布的Al₂O₃相和YAG相两相组成,没有晶界和其他相,Al₂O₃相的体积分数为(45.0±2.0)%,两相耦合生长,交错分布,是典型的快速凝固层片状非规则共晶组织;共晶层间距细密, 并随激光扫描速度的增大而减小,扫描速度为0.02mm/s 时,共晶间距约为1~2μm,扫描速度为2.0mm/s时,共晶间距仅为0.5μm左右;综合热分析表明,Al₂O₃/YAG共晶熔点为2096K,与相图吻合.     

高速直升机旋翼/螺旋桨/机身干扰特性分析

研究双拉力螺旋桨复合式高速直升机的气动特性可以为高速直升机的设计及气动优化提供参考。基 于动量源方法构建针对双拉力螺旋桨复合式高速直升机旋翼/螺旋桨/机身干扰特性数值计算及分析方法;对 孤立旋翼、旋翼/机身干扰进行算例验证;应用所构建的方法对双拉力螺旋桨高速复合式直升机悬停及前飞状 态的干扰流场进行数值模拟,分析机身对悬停流场影响及不同前飞速度旋翼/螺旋桨/机身干扰特性。结果表 明:悬停时机身对气流的阻塞作用降低了旋翼的升力,螺旋桨对旋翼下洗气流的加速作用使旋翼升力提高;低 速前飞时旋翼/螺旋桨/机身干扰较大,主要体现在旋翼下洗流造成螺旋桨滑流偏折以及机翼上表面压力分布 增大,高速前飞时这种干扰较小。     

HUMS技术对民用直升机维修任务的影响研究

传统基于 MSG-3的民用直升机维修大纲分析方法未充分考虑健康与使用监测系统(HUMS)的影响, 已在使用过程中暴露出不适应性等问题。本文在 MSG-3的总体分析框架下,开展了 HUMS技术对民用直升 机维修任务的影响研究,全面分析了 HUMS技术对系统/动力装置、结构、区域、闪电/高强度辐射场维修任务 的影响,提出了一套考虑 HUMS技术的 MSG-3维修任务分析建议,可为我国新一代民用直升机维修大纲制定 提供关键技术支撑。